More resistant (hard) rock forms steep cliffs. The wave cut platform at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. Bays are more sheltered with constructive waves which deposit sediment to. Sedimentary rocks form as layers of deposited sediment, either on the beds of ancient oceans or rivers. there is little or no debris at the base because it is broken up by attrition and transported offshore or along the coast. It is caused by a combination of marine processes and precipitation. A waves strength is controlled by its fetch and the wind speed. It produces sloping cliffs between 5 and 20metre high. When the roof of the arch collapses a stack is formed(see image below). Which two characters are dominant? What problems are caused by global warming? ubricates lines of weakness, e.g. Fetch This is how far the waves have travelled. It leads to the formation of many landforms and, combined with deposition, plays an important role in shaping the coastline. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The current cannot keep larger and heavier sediment suspended above water for extended periods. What is the value of the tropical rainforest? As waves continue their relentless attack upon the base of the cliff, the size of the overhang increases until the weight of the rock above can no longer be supported and a section of the cliff collapses. d.E To examine relationships between the beach profile and other factors, for example rock type, cliff profile, sediment size or shape Equipment Tape measure Ranging poles Clinometer or pantometer Compass Recording sheet Methodology Select sampling points for beach profiles across the width of the beach Cliff profiles are influenced by a range of factors. Notice the erosion taking place at the base of the cliff. Over time, they wear down the cliff surface like sandpaper. _}qK>_*uz/]jO+NAU}r Coastal Systems and Processes. How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this? How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop? What are the physical characteristics of cold environments? qcq%wFn+=#+ 0uEOr*cy_5{Lx_v @ @Me[k:]'fhk They are typically made up of bedding planes (layers) with joints (vertical cracks). For example, this could be a joint in chalk. If you looked down on a coastline from above and saw the geology of the area, youd be able to see that the rock type changes as you approach the coastline and that the different rocks are arranged in bands. The added weight of the saturated material, combined with the destabilization of the base, causes the slope to slump or rotate downward. Where erosion excavates enough material along joint or bedding plane , a steep-sided inlet may be formed called a geo. Concordant coastlines tend to have fewer bays and headlands. 5 Salt crystals can penetrate the exposed rock face. Pore water pressure in the saturated layer pushes rock particles apart. Freeze-defrost weathering splits up rock as water freezes in breaks. As a consequence of cliff retreat another landform. It is arguable that corrosion is a form of weathering rather than erosion as it only breaks down material. Accessed 1 May, 2023. Don't panic I have simply explained these terms below (I . The hard rock acts as a protective barrier to the softer rock behind it preventing erosion. produce cliff profiles and micro features such as caves and arches. Why is the weather of the UK so changeable? Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Internet Geography Plus Terms and Conditions. 3 Exposed rock faces can be broken up by ice, or heat and cold. The distance and angle information for each facet of the cliff can be plotted by hand. Since calcium bicarbonate is soluble in water, the limestone successfully gets weathered when carbonation happens. Alternating layers of hard and soft rock allow the sea to erode the soft rock faster, forming a bay but leaving hard rock sticking out, known as a headland. The altering rate of erosion of hard and soft rock is known as differential erosion. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? 16-18 Geography Coasts High energy coasts Method Data Presentation Data Analysis Different stretches of the coastline can be put into two different categories: high energy coasts and low energy coasts. Discordant coastlines form where geology alternates between bands of hard and soft rock (see image below). This then creates a slip plane. How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? A@ A Rock type and resistance to erosion Presence of lines of weakness Coastal structure The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Why is there a trend towards agribusiness? CIE A Level Geography Past Papers Mass movemen t is the movement of materials downslope at a range of speeds due to gravity. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. ;mmM[~yS4iVFmU7V[GKxs?/[2Fzl;]m.rUZ[oE8XeS mGCfg;%'I.keutcjcK8s-9cVbbgar5^Z}dUb6FCYwzJi56"tG~Qj%%'(&RZM!>&;i6";L cyDp>{wE&DOa7kCk36ldMi$g=Z}V&Mqbf["8/OEw8b+j3L=~reV\[:Kmc2q>OMl1^K +GBxD; IN]S~D?{.Ro Therefore every cliff coastline is a sign that land is being lost. (5icEm_[um What are the air masses that affect the UK? Tunisia Case Study. Hallsands, in Devon, UK, was destroyed as a result of a dredging operation carried out in the early 1900s. What are shanty town improvement schemes? The sea can use these boulders to erode the cliff further. OCR GCSE Geography, AQA A Level Geography Therefore the topographic profile in Figure 3.6 represents a profile of the map surface (along the A-B line) that has been vertically exaggerated by 10 times . The composition of rock determines the differential rates of erosion, as seen in Swanage, along the Dorset coast. How important are water and carbon to life on Earth? The angle these bands make with the coastline makes it either a concordant or discordant coastline. The clay and water causes the weighted immersed material above to droop. Wave action and weathering create a notch at the high water mark. Two Earthquakes Compared Nepal and LAquila, Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study, 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study. 2 cards swept of the cliff leading to 1 fatality Holbeck Hall, North Yorkshire 1. One component that can be considered in the rate of coastal recession and the stability of cliffs, is cliff profiles and their bedding planes. Additionally, there are many smaller-scale sub-cells within the larger cells. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology, especially the resistance (to erosion) of the rock, and the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? Geography: Landscape systems, processes and change (NEW). Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. Beds that dip seaward produce gentler cliffs but are less stable because loose material can slide down the bedding planes in mass movements. It is believed that there are 11 large sediment cells in England and Wales (right). Cracks are regularly formed in more resistant rock that forms headlands. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The image below shows cracks in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. 8G@3q~L S "&b 9j3)l%-j93E9s2]rJI7 _-BeE%VamCh)M3E9#XsXx A section of the coastline may be primarily affected by a large sea fetch, but due to its positioning, it may be protected from destructive waves. How do joints influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland. Constructive waves are associated with weak discharge and strong swash, which develops deep-level shorelines, and are therefore more associated with coastlines of deposition. Marine processes such as erosion and wave action weaken and undermine the base of the cliff, removing support and destabilizing the slope. In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. As always, humans have an impact on coastal erosion. Confined storms with high wind speeds form destructive waves and steep depth gradients around headlands. For example, repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks weakens the rock. A beach profile shows the cross-sectional shape of a beach, usually from the edge of the sea to the base of the cliff. They result from the interaction of a number of processes: Geological Sub-aerial Marine Meteorological What symptoms might indicate that a person is suffering from anemia? How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? The coast is the narrow zone between the land and the sea. Cliff form can also be related to latitude. An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. "Coastal Systems and Processes". How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? Loose material can slide down the bedding planes making the cliff unstable & dangerous. Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. clays and sands) have less structural, strength and are eroded easily, producing a lower cliff profile with mudslides and slumping. The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe's fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres per year. CIE IGCSE Geography The larger the fetch, the longer the time the wind has to affect the waves, resulting in larger waves. q_Rv")X&Vh.`^p _O$en$Ic:t]c6@ Why are deserts located along the tropics? Find out about the process of longshore drift. Headlands and bays, such as Swanage Bay, form on discordant coastlines, where hard and soft rock run in layers at 90 to the water. Discordant coastline Source www.bbc.co.uk. Longer fetches & stronger winds create bigger, more powerful waves that have more erosive power. What are the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life? With the beach gone, a storm during a high tide breached the coastal defences and destroyed the village., In this arrangement, differential erosion will take place where weaknesses from weathering have formed., Site design and development by Alex Jackson. Bedding planes layers of sediment that represent surfaces of exposure that occurred between depositional events. . How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? water percolating comes into contact with a large surface area that can be chemically weathered. What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro? Over time thewave-cut notchwill develop into a cave. What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria? Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. Covering KS3, GCSE and A-Level, we provide the most comprehensive GCSE and A-Level revision tools to pass your exams. 9MpoW_`T6G>-7w={?B;f~|{w_zSXP~zyAs~_~/z}xsLP$izxi>A7_?zsSJ>=/f~~k}^=5_}W_~[{w]leY[Tmwv))Snv*0O1#v'=YCYA:'F8bx)vza1(Syw;?7#Xo a*"Xe~}cZ>IFA&+=DYcqc FmL:w#X57$h>. CIE A Level Geography Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. Constructive waves have low wave height and high frequency with low frequency, between 6 and 8 waves per minute. By hydraulic action and abrasion, and the other processes of coast erosion, the base of the cliff is undercut to form a wave-cut notch. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Whereas, cliffs in which permeable rock overlies impermeable rock, water may soak into the cliff, making slope failure more likely as water builds up between the junction of the two rocks. How do faults influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? This again happens twice in the lunar cycle because of the sun and moon acting against one another. John Wiley & Sons. WJEC A Level GeographyPast Papers, AQA GCSE Geography Past Papers In this case, Portland limestone has been eroded at several points, allowing the underlying sandstone mud to easily erode into a cove. Landforms in the middle course of a river. This is because the waves have further to travel in very shallow water as the platform grows. What is a dip? Tides are a significant factor in thinking about coastal processes, as their communication with the coastal environment, to a considerable degree, decides the location of numerous coastal landforms. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? Whereas, cliffs composed of weaker rock strength experience cliff retreat more rapidly. What is the structure of the Temperate Deciduous Woodland? This is chemical weathering. Irrespective of whether the coastline is concordant or discordant, as wave refraction takes place around the headlands and erosion of the bay is reduced, sub-aerial weathering such as corrosion and corrasion begins to weather the bay, furthering its development. A tectonic feature of sedimentary rocks meaning the angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal, Vertical or near vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded, Sloping low angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope, Profile may exceed 90 producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls, Steep profiles on 70-80 and producing a very stable cliff with reduced rock falls. They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. Eventually, the crack will enlarge and become a cave. Split the line into sections where the slope angle changes. Temperate regions tend to have the steepest cliffs. A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such as hydraulic action and. The ice applies pressure and breaks the stone. A sediment cell is generally considered to be a closed system, meaning that sediment is not transferred from one cell to another. What factors influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The rapid removal of debris by high energy waves prevents the build up of material at the base,. Horizontal beds produce steep cliffs with notches where differential erosion has taken place. Edexcel GCSE Geography Past Papers 4B Wave Erosion Processes - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY REVISION: EDEXCEL 2B.4B Wave Erosion Processes The importance of wave erosion processes (hydraulic action, corrosion, abrasion, attrition) and how they are influenced by wave type, size and lithology. There are four wave erosion processes: Hydraulic action Corrosion Abrasion Attrition ,)u/u0g=.1 R/det:2H)cA1~a{RV~i.K&olQm {Y8B'AaxLx`S%yF%Vviee97!=2wO#6OvQvgP2(P>t*fBWCR carboniferous limestone). If the bedding planes are flat (A), then the cliff shape will be consistent with a high cliff face. Occasionally, wave action and weathering erodes joints in the cave roof to form a blow hole. Both rock type and structure can have a significant impact on coastal landforms. Can the risks of volcanic eruptions be reduced? SYSTEM FEEDBACKS Feedback occurs as a result of change in a system and they may be either positive or negative, switching the system to a new state of equilibrium or attempting to recover to the system's original . What is the structure of the tropical rainforest? What is the role of transnational companies in Nigeria? Over time cliffs retreat due to a combination of sub-aerial weathering and coastal erosion. They can be quick occasions, for example, avalanches and rockfalls or they can be moderate processes, soil creeps. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. As the bay develops, wave refraction around the headlands begins to occur, increasing erosion of the headlands but reducing the erosion and development of the bay due to a loss of wave energy. More resistant rocks (e.g. Waves and tides play a role in the transportation of this broken-down material to other areas, and deposition refers to the process where waves and tides lose energy and no longer carry the disintegrated material. cliff profiles are a consequence of wave attack, subaerial processes and the nature of the material wave action undercuts cliffs through abrasion and hydraulic action softer and more jointed rocks will erode more rapidly because of lower levels of physical strength and cohesion and smaller surface areas On a discordant coastline, alternating layers of hard and soft rock are perpendicular to the coast. In small areas of sea or coastlines that are protected by seaward barriers or islands, prevailing winds do not affect wind direction; thus, waves approaching the coast are parallel to the shore, known as swash-aligned. A progressively regular kind of mechanical weathering found at coasts is salt crystallization. The platform typically has a slope of less than 4 degrees, which is often only fully exposed at low tide. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Processes of coastal erosion and weathering are responsible for shaping cliffs. Eduqas A Level GeographyPast Papers You seem to have disabled JavaScript. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? Y>SZ 3475A[k'UViv=3VGa,+g3?gf+,w{1Jrl|:Q@3^JmQa3;x9Ik&kr'\pS7uO)&;ZNWuIts|Kb9}WOdtpE{zBf`^qulCa6Wm &L5-;=i`6` )r]tt$xOZh{S2U6. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? What geological features influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. This happens as waves store salt crystals in cracks and after some time the salt-like ice applies strain to the cracks. An idealised horizontally bedded cliff. Where the coasts has the same type of rock along its length fewer bays and headlands are formed as the rate of erosion tends to be similar. Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. Geological structures are responsible for the formation of: - Concordant Coastlines : where beds, layers and rocks are folded into ridges that run parallel to the coast. View the coasts menu. chalk, limestone) erode more slowly. Which landforms result from moving or melting ice? The shape of the cliff plays a major role in determining the rate of erosion. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. Now and again, along concordant coasts, they occur when a much-jointed area of a precipice, for example, experiences a line of weakness or fault due to exposure. Concordant coasts have alternating layers of hard and soft rock that run parallel to the coast. An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. f[/1.9(h(u(-6$=Bm--ZX]lFo-=`Tnx0M~]5 i5&m5KSd5nTA$h Leads to slumping in unconsolidated material and sliding in consolidated strata - producing a complex cliff profile. Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. Dominated by land-based processes such as deposition at the coast from rivers or new coastal land formed by lava flows. A crack formed in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough. The video below shows a geo at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. Human and physical factors causing river flooding. Soft rocks (e.g., Limestone) are more susceptible to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of chalk (e.g., Dorset) will change relatively quickly. Marine Erosion Processes And Erosional Coastal Landforms. Erosion rates vary depending on a variety of factors. For example: If less resistant, weak rock is at the base of the cliff, undercutting and collapse may occur. The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. Bedding plane layers of sediment represent layers that formed between depositional events. The degree of the tidal range will likewise impact the paces of erosion found at precipices. What are the main hazards generated by volcanic activity? Cliff Name Meaning. The process is illustrated in the diagram below. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed, which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In igneous rocks, cooling joints form when magma contracts as it looses heat. Active marine erosion begins again at the base of the cliff after the waves have removed the loose rock, leading to further collapses and gradual retreat inland of the position of the cliff. this is a type of mass movement. How has demand for water in the UK changed? w=nRTlnV2nbV1nb+an2(V11V21). Although you may be able to measure the height and depth of a wave-cut notch (if present), do not attempt to climb cliffs directly 2 Q Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. Melting of ice sheets + caps meant wave energy actions occur higher up the shore and cliff and beach profiles adjust as a result. Flows collect sediment in suspension during a storm when high-force winds produce high-energy waves. How can the impacts of climate change be managed? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Geography Revision. Coastal cliffs in high latitudes are also characterized by relatively low gradients since the per glacial processes produce large amounts of cliff base materials. If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. OCR A Level GeographyPast Papers 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. How have animals adapted to cold environments? Sedimentary rocks form as layers of deposited sediment, either on the beds of ancient seas or rivers. What is the impact of humans on the desert? Tides are brought about by the gravitational draw of the moon and, to a lesser degree, the sun. Computer Science It is worth remembering that the landscape will be influenced by processes on the land as well as the sea. WJEC GCSE Geography Past Papers, The essentials of coastal systems and processes, Geography Cliff Profiles and Bedding Planes, Constructive and destructive wave illustration. The processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition within the coastal zone are largely contained within sediment cells or littoral cells. Edexcel GCSE Geography (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cliffs and wave-cut platforms are landforms of erosion commonly found along the coast. This is physical weathering. Chemical weathering happens because of a weak chemical reaction between water and rocke.g. They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. Mudflows. Beaches increase the distance a wave travels before it reaches the coastlines cliffs and so reduces its energy. History Rock types, such as limestone and granite, and structure (jointing and bedding) control the cliff profile. A Tectonic 4 Subaerial processes include weathering and mass movement. Anak Krakatau & Sunda Strait Tsunami Indonesia Case Study 2018. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. This expels the base of the cliff. A cliff is a vertical, near vertical or sloping wall of rock or sediment that borders the sea. Marine processes disintegrate and undermine the base of the precipice. This is a type of Biological Weathering. Two headlands, Ballard Point (made of chalk) and Durlston Head (made of limestone) of harder rock types are more resistant to erosion. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". At the coast there is the upper beach or backshore (backed by cliffs or sand dunes), the foreshore (periodically exposed by the tides) and the offshore area (covered by water) The coastal zone is a dynamic area with inputs and processes from land, sea and atmosphere.